Examining The Privileges Of Child Dreams English Literature Essay

Each and every kid has the privilege to dream. An stripling who merely possess nil else still can woolgather of a enjoyable and joyful life, a universe where there is merely peace, and a universe consisting of no wretchedness. That kid can woolgather of a universe where everyone is sympathetic, forgiving, and apprehension. However, when these optimistic dreams are demolished, and world is revealed, what is at that place for the hapless kid to make? When he is cognizant of all of the incorrect things go oning around him, what is he traveling to believe? In The Song of Kahunsha by Anosh Irani, one kid ‘s dreams are shattered when he has to confront the existent universe. His dreams consisted of him reuniting with his parents who had abandoned him at an orphanhood and of a perfect universe. This perfect universe consisted of no jobs, â€Å" no † was n't considered as a word, and everybody lived in peace and harmoniousness. Equally shortly as he embarked on the journey to happen his parents, all of his dreams were demolished. I perfectly loved this novel! I love Anosh Irani ‘s ( writer ) usage of descriptive linguistic communication as it illustrated crystal clear images in my caput. For case, all of the characters and the scene were described with maximal effectivity. The Mumbai slums in this novel brought back clear flash dorsums of my jaunt to India. I felt highly regretful for all of the unfortunate grownups and kids who reside at that place. Just believing about it after-hours gives me incubuss. The lone thing that I would knock is that this novel has a sulky gait in the beginning, similar in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, but one time you get past this slow constituent, everything goes by in a zephyr and the plotline is one of the best out at that place. To stop off, I would urge this novel to all readers because of the great sum of world that is embedded into this alone novel and its one of a sort plotline. Artlessness and Experience is a really common subject in literature. Both artlessness and experience are exact antonyms and one can non perchance be without the other. This subject can be easy applied to an person. When an person is rather immature, he or she is really guiltless but as the person grows, he or she faces many jobs and challenges. From these jobs and challenges, the single additions experience. As you grow, both physically and mentally, you start losing your artlessness and the experience that you gain is what replaces the artlessness. When you are a kid, you seem to cry when you notice that something merely is n't right but when you ‘re mature, you understand that this is world and since you ‘ve seen this happen multiple times, it merely does n't convey a tear to your eyes. You can compare artlessness to brainstorming because you can brainstorm without any limitations. When you start to compose an essay, you have to be smart and cognize your boundaries. You have to be cognizant of many different things for illustration, punctuation, passage words, citations, etc. Dreams play an of import portion in our lives. In fact, you spend about 8-10 hours a twenty-four hours woolgathering. This subject is really similar to the subject of contending in what you believe in. Some people believe that they should follow their dreams because dreams come from the bosom. This does n't look like a simple undertaking, particularly if you ‘re standing entirely. For illustration, if you ‘ve woolgather a dream that you want to carry through but is really ambitious, it might take your whole life merely to do a little impact on some of the people. Apart from this, if you truly believe that your dream means something, you should travel and seek to carry through it without looking at any of the limitations and who knows, person else might hold the same dream as you. For the film constituent of my ISU, I have chosen Slumdog Millionaire as my film because it best displays the subject of Innocence V. Experience. The name of this film is pretty self-explanatory. In Slumdog Millionaire, the supporter ( Jamal Malik ) used to populate in the slums of Mumbai but now he is a contestant on Kaun Banega Karore Pati ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ) . He has had a big assortment of unusual experiences in the Mumbai slums and these experiences have helped him reply all of the inquiries on this show and go a millionaire ( 20,000,000 rupees in the Hindi version ) The vocal that best suits the subject of Innocence vs Experience is I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle. In this vocal, a adult female recalls her loving a adult male who has now left her and their girl. She thought that their love would last everlastingly but did n't even last a fraction of that. Bing really guiltless, she had no thought that this was traveling to go on. Since all of this has happened, she will look at everything with a different position. Recommended by Ms. Mckay ( English teacher ) , I decided to pick the novel The Song of Kahunsha by Anosh Irani for my ISU. It is a 1 of a sort novel. This novel has three chief struggles. These struggles are: Man vs. Man, Man vs Himself and Man vs. Society. After reading this novel, I have distinguished two chief subjects: Innocence V Experience and Following Your Dreams. The basic plotline of this novel is about the supporter whose name is Chamdi. Chamdi has been abandoned at an orphanhood by his male parent. He escapes the orphanhood tardily one dark and attempts to happen his male parent but rapidly realizes that it is really hard to last Mumbai. Chamdi is the chief character and is the supporter in The Song of Kahunsha. He is really immature and inexperient. Physically, he is a really scraggy, unhealthy, and ill-fed kid, about as tegument and castanetss. Chamdi is both, a positive mind, and an dreamer. Without any ground, he was abandoned at birth at an orphanhood. Chamdi has a vision to reunite with his male parent one twenty-four hours. In add-on to this, Chamdi dreams of a topographic point called Kahunsha, a land with no hurting, no wretchedness, no unhappiness, a land where people are forgiving and where â€Å" no † is non considered as a word. Sumdi is Guddi ‘s brother and is more advanced in age in comparing to her. He is physically deformed ; he merely has one leg. Sumdi and Guddi are two kids that Chamdi meets on his quest to happen his male parent. These two siblings have been shacking on the streets of all time since their male parent had passed off. Sumdi is a twosome of old ages older than Chamdi, who is ten old ages old. Sumdi is really persevere and bull-headed but on the other manus, he is a really compassionate and blithe psyche. Guddi is Sumdi ‘s younger sister. She is about the same age as Chamdi, give or take a few months. When Guddi and Chamdi foremost meet, she is really ill-mannered to him, but as the narrative progresses, Guddi starts to open up and transforms into a more friendly psyche. During a hazardous burglary, Guddi is earnestly injured, Chamdi merely knows one individual who can salvage Guddi ‘s life and hence, he obeyed every bid of Anand Bhai. For illustration, he threw a bomb that detonated inside a Muslim household ‘s house. Bing taken attention by Anand Bhai ‘s female parent, Guddi is all right at the completion of the novel. Anand Bhai, who is the adversary in this novel, is a heartless, inhuman and unmerciful character. The mendicants of cardinal Mumbai all work under Anand Bhai. They merely receive a fraction of their net incomes and the remainder of the money goes to- you guessed it- Anand Bhai. He intentionally has chopped off the custodies, weaponries, and even legs of his mendicants merely to do them more profitable. A adult male named Dabba is the perfect illustration of this. Dabba has all four of his limbs cut off so he is more pitied. All he can make is descry on the people in one country. He is called Dabba because Dabba in Hindi refers to package and he surely looks like a box because he does n't hold any limbs. After Guddi being earnestly injured, Chamdi knows that Anand Bhai is the lone individual who can salvage her. Therefore, he lies to Anand Bhai. Anand Bhai believes him and label along. After, he starts doubting Chamdi and subsequently, he finds out that Chamdi is lying. As a consequence, Anand Bhai is about to cut Chamdi ‘s lingua right off. Chamdi ‘s lingua is spared when he says that he will make anything for Anand Bhai. As a consequence, Chamdi has to throw a bomb at Muslim ‘s abode. To reason, Anand Bhai is the adversary in this novel. This struggle occurs in literature when a character develops an internal battle between his/her ideas and thoughts. In The Song of Kahunsha, Chamdi experiences and internal struggle. As he continues to maturate throughout the novel, Chamdi begins to recognize that this is world and his dreams were impractical and unrealistic. This is a struggle that Chamdi starts with himself and will go on on if he does non accept world. The existent inquiry is will Chamdi go on on his journey? or merely give up and accept that this is world. This struggle occurs in literature when a character has an statement or dissension with another character. In the Song of Kahunsha, Chamdi ‘s dream is non merely to reunite with his parents, but it is to populate in a consonant and peaceable universe. Man vs. Man is the dominant struggle in this novel because there are many people who act as barriers and prevent Chamdi ‘s dreams into going true. An example of this is Anand Bhai. Anand Bhai is a barrier and is the chief ground why Chamdi ‘s dreams can non be fulfilled. Anand Bhai has found out that approximately Chamdi Chamdi is now in his fierce clasp. For this ground, Chamdi can non go on on his journey in happening his parents. With people like Anand Bhai, the universe can non of all time be a peaceable topographic point. This struggle occurs in literature when a character disagrees with social values, beliefs and Torahs. This struggle is reasonably much the same as Man vs. Man but due to the fact that it stood out, it deserved to be in its ain class. In The Song of Kahunsha, Chamdi begs for money. Some people are really ill-mannered and they swear and spit at him, while others are generous and they give him some money. It is if all of society is against Chamdi and hence, he can non carry through his dream for a peaceable universe because of all of the offenders. The Song of Kahunsha takes topographic point in the orphanhood, the streets and slums of Mumbai, India. All of the chief characters, such as Chamdi, Sumdi, and Guddi live and seek to last on the streets of Mumbai. The clip when this stroy took topographic point is in the early 1990 ‘s. In fact, it takes topographic point in 1993. The narrative begins in the orphanhood, when Chamdi is merely an guiltless male child. Later, Chamdi escapes from the orphanhood and the remainder of the narrative takes topographic point in the streets and mopess of Mumbai. The narrative ‘s flood tide takes topographic point at Anand Bhai ‘s adda ( station ) . Overall, this narrative does non take topographic point outside of Mumbai. In my sentiment, the mood/atmosphere of the Song of Kahunsha is hopelessness. This is the temper of the narrative because of the unchanging letdown that Chamdi has to confront throughout this novel. An example of this is when Chamdi gets rejected by many people when he is out imploring for money. Another illustration of this is when Chamdi gets falsely accused of stealing from their stores. Unfortunate events like the aforesaid 1s have caused Chamdi to lose hope. In the expounding, a male child by the name of Chamdi is introduced. The narrative revolves around Chamdi, who is the chief character and the supporter. Chamdi has been abandoned by his parents at a little orphanhood in Mumbai, India. At the age of 10, Chamdi still resides in the really same orphanhood because he has nowhere to travel. His is still really guiltless and due to the fact that he has ne'er trespassed the walls of the orphanhood, he believes that Mumbai is an ideal metropolis, a metropolis of no saddness. Chamdi ever believes that his parents will come for him. Mrs. Sadiq, the orphanhood counselor, tells Chamdi narratives about the last clip she saw Chamdi ‘s male parent when he was running off from the orphanhood. At the orphanhood, Chamdi learns how to read and compose. The Hindu-Muslim public violences begin and Mrs. Sadiq tells the kids about the unsettled history between the Hindus and Muslims. This is when Chamdi dreams of a metropolis called Kahunsha ; a metr opolis of no unhappiness, a metropolis where there is peace and harmoniousness, a metropolis where the word â€Å" no † is non considered as a word. The trigger incident is when Mrs. Sadiq informs the kids that the orphanhood has to shut because of safety grounds ; the orphanhood is a really old edifice. Mrs. Sadiq tells the kids indirectly that they might hold to shack on the streets. This is when Chamdi has a strong impulse to happen his parents. During one dark, Chamdi escapes from the orphanhood because cipher notices at dark, non even Mrs. sadiq. The lifting action consists of Chamdi run intoing two siblings named Sumdi and Guddi. Like Chamdi, they excessively live on the streets. Guddi is the same age as Chamdi, while Sumdi is a few old ages older than Chamdi. They all become really close friends. This is when Chamdi faces world ; no one gives him any money, no one employs him, and all of the metropolis ‘s dwellers are cold blooded. This is nil compared to what Chamdi had dreamt of. Even though his dreams are shattered, Chamdi still does non give up in his pursuit to happen his parents. He tries to gain money the authoritative way- beggary. this is when he learns about a individual named Anand bhai. All of the vicinity mendicants work under Anand Bhai, who is a inhuman, unforgiving person who likes to see people enduring. Chamdi besides learns from Guddi that Anand bhai intentionally deforms people so that they can go more profitable mendicants. Chamdi besides watches a vicinity male child ‘s ear get cut away because he was n't following the codification of behavior. Chamdi, Guddi, and Sumdi draw to a decision that they will rob from Lord Ganesha ‘s temple and will take the following train, taking all of the money. Since Sumdi has one proper leg, he can non run. Therefore, Chamdi must be the 1 who commits this offense because of his lightning fast velocity. The flood tide of the narrative consists of Sumdi plotting out the whole robbery. The robbery twenty-four hours comes and Chamdi covers himself in oil so he can easy steal through the metal bars of the temple. Guddi and Sumdi distract all of the visitants. Nothing goes every bit planned ; there is a immense detonation in the temple and Sumdi dies on the topographic point while Guddi is badly injured. Chamdi begs Anand bhai to salvage Guddi because he is the lone individual that Chamdi knows who can make such a thing. In the falling action, Chamdi lies to Anand Bhai about a jewelry maker who ever leaves his store systematically during a specific portion of the twenty-four hours. He merely tells Anand Bhai after Anand Bhai agrees that he ‘ll Guddi. Guddi is put under Anand Bhai ‘s female parent. Anand Bhai finds out that Chamdi was lying wholly along. When Anand bhai was about to cut off Chamdi ‘s lingua, chamdi begs for forgiveness. Anand Bhai forgives Chamdi but merely less than one circumstance, Chamdi has to bomb a Muslim ‘s house. Chamdi does non desire to make it but he has no other option. Chamdi throws the bomb and makes a tally for his life. As a wages, anand bhai gives him fifty rupees which Chamdi spends on nutrient for Guddi. Now that chamdi has become an experient individual, he realises that his dreams were rather idealistic. The fresh ends off with Chamdi and Guddi gazing into the skyline. In The Song of Kahunsha, Innocence V. Experience has been displayed efficaciously and is the dominant subject. Chamdi starts off as an guiltless stripling in an orphanhood. He had no interactions with the outside environment, doing him highly guiltless. One dark, while urgently desiring to reunite with his parents, Chamdi escapes from the orphanhood, non cognizing the possible dangers skulking around him. He faced many rough times ; he faced world. For illustration, no employer would engage him as an employee, and no 1 would give Chamdi any money. Chamdi learned everything the difficult manner. From these escapades, Chamdi has grown into an experient adult male both physically and mentally. In The Song of Kahunsha, Following Your Dreams is besides considered a major subject. Chamdi owns nil but he still dreams that one twenty-four hours, he ‘ll populate in a perfect, harmonized and peaceable universe. These dreams were conducted when Chamdi was really immature, inexperient, and when he had no interactions with the outside universe. When Chamdi escapes the orphanhood, all of his dreams are shattered to pieces. With people like Anand Bhai, Chamdi ‘s dream can ne'er come true. Chamdi has to understand that this is world and there are people who say no, there are ill-mannered people, and there are public violences. From these awful experiences, Chamdi understands that his dreams were rather idealistic and he has to bury them and travel frontward. The narrative point of position in the Song of Kahunsha is Limited Omniscient in present tense. The writer uses a alone point of position. The reader merely knows about the ideas and feelings for merely one individual. This individual is the chief character and is besides the supporter. The narrative is told from Chamdi ‘s eyes. Here are a few illustrations of this: â€Å" Chamdi runs his custodies across his ribs, He tries to force his ribs in, but it is of no usage † ( Chapter 1, Page 6 ) â€Å" He stares at the H2O in the well. It is highly still and he wonders if he should leap in † ( Chapter 2, Page 26 ) â€Å" The Sun has come out and Chamdi stares at Amma ‘s scalp. The parts where hair has fallen out, or has been pulled out, are pink † ( Chapter 5, Page 94 ) This vocal is about a adult female who recalls her love for a adult male. She thought that their love would last for infinity but it did n't even last a fraction of what she had thought. She realizes how the adult male she one time loved is now merely a bantam portion of her yesteryear. I dreamed that love would ne'er decease. I dreamed that God would be forgiving. Then I was immature and fearless and all dreams were made and wasted. These lines briefly depict the adult female ‘s dreams. In her dreams, love ne'er dies and God is forgiving. Subsequently, she states that she when she was immature, she was fearless. This is because when you are immature, you merely have no thought of all of the possible dangers skulking around you. You merely do n't hold any of life ‘s experiences on your side. In the last line, she states that all of her dreams were made and wasted.. To me, this is likely the most of import line in this vocal because when you dream, you have no boundaries. This adult female had no boundaries in her dream and she applied the same dream to existent life, being unaware of the possible dangers. She applied it and she suffered ; her dream was shattered to pieces. But he was gone when fall came and I still dream that he ‘ll come to me. These two lines province the rough truth ; the adult female ‘s love left her all entirely but the hapless adult female still believes that he will certainly come back one twenty-four hours. The 2nd line provinces that you can maintain dreaming, even though it might non come true, everyone still has the power to dream. I had a dream my life would be, so different from the snake pit Iaa‚ ¬a„?m life, and now life has killed the dream I dreamed The last poetry is contrasting the adult female ‘s existent life to how she had dreamt it to be. She has described her life as snake pit and her dream was the entire antonym of what she is right now. Her life is what she is populating so it has killed her glorious dream. It is cardinal for us to woolgather, otherwise we ‘ll ne'er be able to accomplish or carry through anything in life. We must besides be ready for alteration, no affair how tragic it may be. The message of this vocal is that there are dreams that merely can non be and we should merely allow them travel. The subject of this vocal is Innocence vs Experience. The adult female was really guiltless because this was her really first love and relationship. She walked off from it as an experient individual in love and relationships. She now has realized that this is world and from this twenty-four hours on, she will look at relationships in a wholly different position. Associating the subject of this vocal to the novel was a challenge but with some job work outing accomplishments, nil is impossible! At the beginning of this vocal, the adult female describes herself as a really guiltless lady. Similar to the novel, Chamdi is a really guiltless psyche and he has hardly any experience with his milieus. In the in-between poetries of the vocal, the adult female describes all of the events that have happened to her. In the lifting action of the novel, Chamdi is seeking to last the streets of Mumbai. At the terminal of the vocal, the adult female compares the incident to a incubus and she develops into an experient adult female who will look at things in a wholly different manner. In the terminal of this novel, Chamdi additions experience from everything that was thrown at him in the lifting action of this novel. Overall, both characters start off inexperienced person and their experiences replace their artlessness at the terminal. Associating the vocal to existent life, you truly do n't cognize what life is traveling to throw at you, whether it is similar to the vocal ( adult female losing her love ) , or similar to the novel ( lasting rough conditions ) . Whatever it is, you have to be prepared. From mundane obstructions, you will get down to replace your artlessness with experience. Jamal Malik is the chief character and is the supporter. He and his older brother Salim live in the Juhu Slums of Mumbai, India. Their female parent passes off and their male parent is n't in the film ( likely, he excessively has passed off ) . Jamal and Salim flight when a greedy adult male named Maman makes an effort to flim-flam them into going mendicants. However, this action has a immense effect ; Jamal gets separated from the love of his life, Latika. Throughout the whole film, Jamal ‘s aim is to happen Latika, his fate. When he was a kid, he was ill-fed but the embonpoint visual aspect of his face, his actions and duologue made him an highly cunning male child. Jamal Malik is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He has had many unusual yesteryear experiences, runing from life in the Juhu slums, to giving false Tourss at the Taj Mahal, are all hints that help him reply all of the inquiries in Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. His aim for being on the game show is non for all of the money ; it is to reunite with his lost love, Latika. Salim Malik is Jamal ‘s senior brother. He is slyer in comparing to Jamal. He is really cocky and likes things done his way- it ‘s merely who he is. Due to the fact that their parents have passed off, Salim is the 1 who ever takes charge. Latika is the miss of Jamal ‘s dreams. As a kid, Latika was really fun loving and carefree. The older she became, she became more serious and more mature. When Jamal and Salim flight on the train, Latika gets captured by Maman, who wanted to utilize Latika to do money, fundamentally for his ain good. For illustration, he makes her into a cocotte. Latika and Jamal reunite after a twosome of long old ages. Somehow, they get separated once more and Jamal becomes a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. After Latika sees him on telecasting, with the aid of Salim, she escapes once more and for the 3rd clip, she and Jamal are reunited. Maman is the vicinity mobster in Slumdog Millionaire. He is really cagey and gets younger kids to implore for him and receives about all of their net incomes. Jamal and Salim have fled on the train because they found out the Maman was taking out guiltless kids ‘s eyes with spoons so they could go more profitable. Prem Kumar is the host of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( Indian version ) . He suspects Jamal of rip offing. During a commercial interruption, when in the washroom, Prem tells Jamal the incorrect reply to the inquiry. Jamal does non take his reply and sticks with his ain reply, and he gets it correct. This is when Prem calls the constabulary. Sergeant Srinivas is the inspector who interrogates Jamal. From his physical visual aspect, he seems really tough and intimidating. After oppugning Jamal for the bulk of the film, Sergeant Srinivas draws to a decision that Jamal is surely non rip offing and is an guiltless psyche. After watching Slumdog Millionaire, I have drawn to a decision that the chief struggle in this film is Man vs. Man. From the beginning, Jamal ‘s dream and end is to reunite with Latika, his true love. Man vs. Man is the dominant struggle because there are many adversaries in this novel who try to halt Jamal from making his end. Maman is merely one illustration, Jamal and Salim made it safely onto the train but Latika was captured by Maman ‘s work forces. Therefore, Latika was segregated from Jamal. After long old ages of seperation, Jamal and Latika reunite. Latika gets separated from Jamal once more when she is forced to day of the month a in-between aged rich adult male and as a consequence, she is forced to travel off. Due to this incident, Latika gets isolated from Jamal. Jamal eventually finds the perfect solution as he becomes a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Therefore, Latika knows where his present location is and they reunite one more clip. In the twelvemonth of 2006, in Mumbai, Jamal Malik who an 18 twelvemonth old contestant on Kaun Banega Karore Pati ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ) , is one inquiry off from the expansive award, one inquiry off from winning one million dollars. Just before the expansive award inquiry, he gets interrogated by the constabulary. The constabulary have detained him because they suspect that he has been rip offing wholly along ( you would besides believe that because how could a â€Å" slumdog † perchance know all of the replies ) Jamal describes, through flashbacks the big assortment of unusual incidents that his life has provided him the replies to all of the inquiries with. All of these flashbacks tell the buttocks the scene narratives of the three chief characters, Jamal, Salim, and Latika. The narrative begins when Jamal is about five old ages old. Jamal receives an autograph of Amitabh Bachan ( celebrated Bollywood histrion ) . His brother, Sanchez, so sells the autograph to do some speedy money. Merely when this happens, their female parent dies during the Bombay public violences. Soon after, Jamal and Salim meet Latika, a miss from their slum. Jamal readily accepts Latika as a friend but Salim does n't. The three kids are so found and captured by Maman, who is a mobster and is a portion of their slum, Maman fast ones and trains the kids of the slums into going mendicants. One dark Jamal, Salim, and Latika in secret find out that Maman is blinding kids ( taking their eyes out with spoons, it`s really gross outing ) . He`s blinding them so ordinary people will experience really regretful for them and give them more money. The three kids believe that it`s non safe to implore under Maman, so they take the train and flee. Jamal and Salim make it safely onto the train but unluckily, Latika doesn`t and she is recaptured by Maman`s crew. During the following few old ages, Jamal and Salim make a batch of money going in secret on top of trains, by in secret picking pockets, selling stolen goods, rinsing dishes, by being bogus circuit ushers at the Taj Mahal, and stealing guiltless people`s places. After they have made a batch of money, Jamal and Salim both go travel back to Mumbai in their quest to happen Latika. They discover from one of Maman`s friends that Latika has been raised to go a cocotte and she is Maman`s most valuable slave. The two brothers discover her location, happen her and shoot Maman, killing him. Salim so has an matter with Latika and Tells Jamal to acquire lost. After many long old ages, Jamal is working as a tea male child at an Indian call Centre. In his trim clip, Jamal searches the centre`s database for Salim and Latika. He successfully finds his brother, Salim, but fails happening Latika. Salim isn`t regretful for his past actions but merely apologizes for them at gunpoint. Jamal so reunites with Latika. Moments subsequently, Latika gets kidnapped by Javed`s pack ( Maman`s rival pack ) . As a consequence, Jamal loses any contact with Latika. Javed and Latika move off from Mumbai. Jamal tries to reunite with her by being a contestant on Kaun Banega Karore Pati ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ) . Jamal makes it to the concluding inquiry, and becomes the top narrative in all of India. For the 2nd last inquiry, Jamal uses his 2nd last line of life. Prem Kumar ( show host ) intentionally gives him the incorrect reply during the interruption. Jamal still gets the inquiry right and so the constabulary flatboat in, surmising that he`s cheating. In the question room, the inspector believes that Jamal is true and kindly allows him to return to the show. Salim on the other manus, helps Latika flight and commits suicide, along with killing Javed. For the concluding inquiry, Jamal uses his concluding line of life and calls his brother. Latika succeeds in replying the phone merely before Jamal was about to hang up. With fortune, Jamal gets the inquiry right and wins 20,000,000 rupees. The film ends by demoing Latika and Jamal caressing, as the film fades out to black. The subject of Innocence V. Experience is displayed absolutely in the film Slumdog Millionaire. Changes like this occur over clip with many interactions with the outside environment. The subject was foremost introduced when Jamal is on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, when he is one inquiry off from one million dollars. This is connoting that Jamal is n't guiltless and that throughout his life, he ‘s had a big assortment of escapades and these experiences have helped him reply all of the inquiries taking up to the concluding inquiry. The novel has many flashbacks, one for each of the inquiries that Jamal has answered. With these unusual escapades, Jamal lost all of his artlessness and became an experient adult male. For illustration, when Jamal was a bogus circuit usher at the Taj Mahal, he recieved an American hundred dollar measure from one of the tourers as a tip. Coincidentally, there was a inquiry on the game show about the American hundred dollar measure. ( Whose face is on the American hundred dollar measure — Benjamin Franklin ) . This relates to the novel The Song of Kahunsha absolutely because in the beginning of the novel, Chamdi, the chief character and the supporter, starts off really guiltless. Through his many existent life experiences, Chamdi grows both physically and mentally into an experient adult male. The same goes for the film, from his first flashback, Jamal is really guiltless because he had no interactions with the outside universe. In his last flashback, Jamal has gone through a big assortment of escapades which have transformed him into an experient adult male. You can detect this alteration from his actions and from what he says. Overall, both Jamal and Chamdi start off inexperienced person and through their existent life interactions, they evolve into experient work forces. Anosh Irani is a novelist and dramatist who was born in the twelvemonth of 1974. He was both born and raised in the metropolis of Mumbai, India. He subsequently moved to Vancouver and he ne'er looked back. He besides received the Bachelor ‘s Degree in Creative authorship as he graduated from the University of British Columbia. Even as a kid, Anosh had a great involvement in authorship and he would pass most of his free clip composing originative pieces. The Song of Kahunsha is really Anosh ‘s 2nd novel. His first novel was The Cripple and His Talismans and his 3rd novel was Dahanu Road. Together, his three books have won more than 10 awards while the Song of Kahunsha has won four awards all by itself.

Factors Affecting Academic Achievement in Children

Factors affecting academic achievement in children By Aaron shen Nowadays people are concerneed about education so much due to it has inevitable influence on academic achievement. But what is academic success? More and More studies have been taken to show different ideas about factors affecting academic achievement in . It’s clear that teachers’ assistants are no longer a popular point. Instead,researhers found that the size of the class is a noticable factor.Of course,tradtional ideas are still very useful to consture it such as teaching method,teaching equipment,personal qualities,families and so on. Jeremy Finn of the State University of New York and Charles M. Achilles of Eastern Michiggan University found ‘an array of benefits of small classes’in their review. In their study,they drew a conclusion that students in the small classes performed better than those who were in the larger classes. Increasing data and study are proving this idea. Due to all th e studies,it’s easy to say why this happens.First,fewer students in the classroom seem to translate into less noise and disruptive behaviour from students,which not only give the teacher more time for class but also more freedom to engage students creatively. Undoubtfully,this will help improve academic achievement. However,some new points are put forward arguing that although students can gain initial benefit from small classes,the STAR data cannot prove that the gains persist for years after a student has returned to a normal-sized class. The example of Japan is typical to testify that teaching method is a necessary factor.It is well known that classes in Asia are large,but why Asian childen do so well in such classes compared to the small classes in American and oher developed countries? The legendary is the way accroding to Catherinne lewis who is an expert on the Japanese educational system and a senior researcher at Mills College. Such discipline is not imposed by fears ome teachers. Instead,students are honored to be chosen to lead lessons,and they take turns to do it,experiencing firsthand what it is like to quieten down an unruly group of students.As a result,teachers mange the class by this rather than punishing and rewarding. What’s more,Japanese teachers spend more time with their students which centainly help studennts to learn well both in study and life skills.. All in all there are lots of factors that will affect academic achievement. Except what have been mentioned above,families and intelligence are very necessary factors as well. This eassy aims to study and tries to explain all of these aspects.

Fluency in a Foreign Language Essay

Thesis: Fluency in a foreign language should be required for all students before graduation from high school. Introduction: In a world of advancing technology and higher education, it is imperative that students take the time to develop unique talents and skills in order to gain a competitive edge over the average individual. I. Fluency in a foreign language builds character. A. The time and commitment required from students to learn an entire new alphabet and vocabulary builds diligence. B. The achievement realized by students as they begin to understand and converse in a second language produces confidence. II. Fluency in a foreign language builds life skills. A. The ability to converse fluently in another language with an entirely new realm of people builds communication skills. B. The readiness to alternate between languages with family and friends builds flexibility skills. III. Fluency in a foreign language creates unique opportunities. A. Fluency in a foreign language gives unique traveling opportunities. B. Fluency in a foreign language creates unique job opportunities Fluency in A Foreign Language Should Be Required For All Students Before Graduation From High School In a world of advancing technology and higher education, it is crucial that students take time to develop unique talents and skills which will give them a competitive edge over the average individual. Though many doubt the ability of fluency in a foreign language to advance students in society, businesses, educational systems, governmental offices, and health care departments are all eager to hire students with skills in foreign languages. As globalization becomes more prevalent, foreign language skills are quickly becoming a vital factor in preparation for the future. Fluency in a foreign language should be required for all students before graduation from high school. First of all, fluency in a foreign language builds character. The time and commitment required from students to learn an entire new alphabet and vocabulary builds diligence. According to Walter Pauk, a prominent professor of education at Cornell University, developing an open mind to new phrases and grammar structures along with finding the time required to practice them are two difficulties commonly encountered when studying a foreign language (Pauk 2). Young mindsets are impressionable, and habits are installed early on as students begin to discover and incorporate grammatical structures particular to their mother tongues. In order to break these habits, students in foreign language study must constantly open their minds to accept new rules that are introduced. While relearning and sounding out basic vowels, students must also adjust to sentence patterns that have been completely inverted. Students learn to work efficiently with limited time allowances available between their busy schedules of daily life, striving to move beyond formerly learned language habits. Distractions are pushed aside as students repeat new sentence patterns, rewrite new alphabets, and reread literature that seems to make no sense. The Department of Education from the University of Pennsylvania reports, â€Å"The nature of language immersion teaches students how to stick to difficult tasks. This diligence translates to better performance on exams, because students will be more likely to persist on challenging problems† (in White 2). Regardless of how difficult a task appears to be, students who have mastered another language view the situation simply as one giant project to be conquered bit by bit. Constant and sincere effort spent learning a foreign language produces a firm determination in students to persevere and achieve their set goals. While the important character trait of diligence is being formed through foreign language study, the achievement realized by students as they begin to understand and converse in a second language is also producing a separate character trait of confidence. Introductory lessons in a foreign language start out as seemingly impossible to master, yet in due time begin to make sense. Excitement escalates as the brain starts functioning in another language and continues beyond the first few lessons alone. Dincay, a professor at Istanbul Arel University, notes, â€Å"the feeling of accomplishment that comes with [students’] first steps toward a second language can spur them on to a deeper and broader passion for learning in general† (Dincay 1). Students who reach an expertise level in foreign language carry that same capability acquired first through language studies over into other realms of life, producing competent results beyond areas concerning language alone. In her article, â€Å"Benefits of Being Bilingual,† Marcos writes, â€Å"Studies suggest that persons with full proficiency in more than one language (bilinguals) outperform similar monolingual persons on both verbal and nonverbal tests of intelligence† (Marcos 1). Proficiency in a foreign language develops a needed sense of accomplishment in students, enabling them to move on and conquer other tasks and responsibilities with rare poise and fortitude. They realize that unlike monolinguals, their lives are not confined to one culture alone, but can easily extend to impact an incredible realm of people throughout their lives. Fluency in a foreign language builds character traits such as diligence and confidence, both needed in daily life yet hard to produce. Secondly, fluency in a foreign language builds life skills. The ability to converse fluently in another language with an entirely new realm of people builds communication skills. Students unfamiliar with another country’s language will find it more difficult to understand and accept the specific guidelines associated with the language; however, as Ting-Toomey, professor of Human Communication studies at California State University, writes in her book, â€Å"To the native speakers, the rules of their language make perfect sense and are naturally more logical than those of any other languages† (Ting-Toomey 86). Fluency in a foreign language carries students far past the simple phrases of â€Å"Hello,† â€Å"How are you,† and â€Å"I love you,† and allows them, like the natives, to converse comfortably through a completely foreign vocabulary and grammatical set-up. Once students comprehend and begin to intelligently utilize a foreign language, they are able to understand and relate to the society and culture in a way that many never will. Ted Ward, Dean of International Studies and Missions for a time at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, writes in his book that â€Å"a highly competent level of [foreign] language skill allows [students] to conceive ideas and communicate them in a way that is synchronous with those of the people of the host culture† (Ward 154). Whereas monolinguals are often confined to the society of others who speak their language, students fluent in a foreign tongue are free to get involved in a second world. Benefits produced from the time and effort spent in mastering another language include filling out visa forms, reading public newspapers, and ordering from local restaurant menus with ease. Teaching, debating, and participating in discussions with words and phrases making the most sense to native speakers are yet other privileges opened up to students with foreign language skills. Along with better communication, the readiness to alternate between languages with family and friends builds flexibility skills. Bhattacharjee, author of the article â€Å"Why Bilinguals Are Smarter,† states, â€Å"In a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other† (Bhattacharjee 1). Students must constantly determine which language their listeners will understand and recall the correct words and grammatical format to use with that particular language. Though it might seem terribly overwhelming at first, Bhattacharjee concludes that â€Å"this interference . . . isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise [,] . . . [forcing] the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles† (Bhattacharjee 1-2). Students fluent in a foreign language respond immediately to one picture, sentence, or idea with two answers from two different languages. Sometimes one particular language carries a better explanation or definition than another, and for the student fluent in a second language, the opportunity is open to decide which language better suits certain situations. Definitions go beyond one explanation alone, and society life is extended to two worlds rather than one. Students can be taught, or teach others from two vastly different spheres of humanity and not be overwhelmed. Third and finally, fluency in a foreign language creates unique opportunities. Fluency in a foreign language gives unique traveling opportunities. While discussing various advantages given to foreign language students, Dincay shares that although thousands of people gain from their travels across the globe each and every year, it is the bilingual students, particularly, which receive the much broader traveling experience. While everyday tourists remain simply outsiders peering through a glass into another country’s unique culture, those familiar with and fluent in the native tongue are able to step beyond that glass barrier and enjoy their visits with full easy and liberty (Dincay 2). Whether visiting historical landmarks, using public transportation systems, or shopping in local markets, students fluent in the foreign language of the country are not restricted to taking pictures, relying on others’ directions, or following suggested prices. They may raise questions over history, follow posted transportation signs, and bargain for better values. Fluency in a foreign tongue gives traveling students an opportunity to stand out with something special that most tourists cannot claim. In his book Why Johnny Should Learn Foreign Languages, Huebener states, â€Å"The American businessman who can speak the foreign tongue fluently and who can make intelligent comments on the art and literature of the country will gain not only the business but also the respect of the person he is dealing with† (Huebener 46). Tremendous time and energy are required to reach fluency in a language, and communicate incredible care and consideration to the country’s citizens as the student is seeking to enter their world and communicate with them on a much more intimate level than sign language alone. Many societies take great pride in their native language and culture and when another individual has developed a firm knowledge and unders tanding of it, the natives, in turn, form a strong appreciation and respect for these students that many outsiders have not taken the time to earn. Fluency in a foreign language does not only create unique traveling opportunities, but also gives unique job opportunities. As the world advances in higher education and technology, men across the globe are seeking to make resources available to all. As one director in the Center for Applied Linguistics shares, â€Å"The need for individuals who can speak and understand languages other than English is acute . . . from business and social services to national security and diplomacy† (Malone et al. 1). A stronger focus on internationalism is emerging, making interaction with people from different linguistic backgrounds inevitable. Washington State University advertises a brochure that considers careers such as â€Å"government, business, law, medicine and health care, teaching, technology, the military, communications, industry, social service, and marketing† to be promising fields for students fluent in a second language, namely because â€Å"an employer [sees them] as a bridge to new clients or customers† (â€Å"Knowing Other Languages Brings Opportunities† 2). Students fluent in a foreign language can easily connect businesses with customers from a wide array of linguistic backgrounds and handle international business without hiring outsiders to translate. Proficiency in a second language is a skill envied and sought after by several employers as they seek to hire a staff to serve and elevate their organization to its maximal potential. Fluency in a foreign language should be required for all students before graduation from high school. The advantages produced from foreign language fluency are incredible and the opportunities limitless. Students are set up for successful futures in modern society as they leave high school and transition into the career world as young adults, able to communicate freely and work confidently in global communities around the world. The foundation laid is vital for young people going out to begin their adult lives in today’s world. Bibliography Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit. â€Å"Why Bilinguals Are Smarter.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. Budig, Gene A. â€Å"Foreign Language Study Vital to U.S. Students.† Lawrence Journal World (8 May 2010): SR12. LJWorld.com. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Dincay, Turgay. â€Å"Advantages of Learning a Foreign Language at an Early Age.† Today’s Zaman. Today’s Zaman, 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Hawkins, Eric W. â€Å"Foreign Language Study and Language Awareness.† 1999: 124-42. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Huebener, Theodore. Why Johnny Should Learn Foreign Languages. Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1961. Print. â€Å"Knowing Other Languages Brings Opportunities.† New York: Washington State University, n.d. Foreign Languages and Cultures. Washington States University. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. Malone, Margaret E., et al. â€Å"Attaining High Levels of Proficiency: Challenges for Foreign Language Education in the United States.† CAL.org. Center For Applied Linguistics, 2005. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Marcos, Kathleen M. â€Å"Benefits of Being Bilingual.† CAL.org. Center For Applied Linguistics, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. Pauk, Walter. â€Å"Studying Foreign Languages .† UWEC.edu. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 13 Jan. 2012. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. Ting-Toomey, Stella. Communicating Across Cultures. New York: Guilford, 1999. Questia. Questia. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Ward, Ted W. Living Overseas: A Book of Preparations. New York: Free Press, 1984. Print. White, Mercedes. â€Å"Language Immersion Classrooms: Programs Are Popular, Diligence Translates to Performance.† Deseret News. Deseret News.com, 29 Jan. 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2012.

Understand the essential elements of a valid contract in a business Essay

Understand the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context - Essay Example Some terms are fundamental whilst others are incidental. Fundamental terms are core components of a contract which form the very essence of a contract. In L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd1 it was held that conditions are the fundamental terms of a contract. They determine the very essence of the contract. The breach of a condition leads to the repudiation of the contract by the aggrieved party. In other words when the conditions are breached, the party that is unsatisfied is free to walk out of the contract because the contract was non-existent in the first place. Aside the core terms of a contract, there are other incidental promises that are meant to make the contract meaningful. In Chanter V Hopkins2 the judge held that â€Å"... a warranty is an express or implied statement of something which the party indicates shall be part of the contract and though part of the contract, yet collateral to the express object of it.† Albert Thomas proposal seeks to provide parking services for cars of individuals that are traveling via the nearby airport and will like to leave their cars. This is a service that creates some kind of contract between Albert Thomas and the customers that will use the parking lot. Thus the contract must have conditions and warranties. Condition: The condition will involve the provision of a space within which customers can park their cars. This parking space is meant to provide safe parking for the cars that will be brought by customers. Although these terms and conditions are important, there is the need to come up with certain important clauses to set the parameters within which Thomas can provide the services without incurring excessive liabilities. Also, these clauses will reduce ambiguity between Mr. Thomas and his customers. They include Penalty Clause, Exclusion Clauses and Exemption Clauses. The Penalty Clauses will identify certain penalties

Cross-cultural comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross-cultural comparison - Essay Example Marriage is also important to the Ashanti. In Ashanti culture, marriages can be polygamous and having more than one wife is seen as an expression of generosity. Women cannot marry without the permission of the elder brother head of the household and both their parents. It is also common for Ashanti women to not meet their husbands until the marriage ceremony, and it is a duty of the parents to keep the tradition of marriage going (Fortes, 2008). The Ashanti are passionate about a number of arts, such as pottery and weaving. These skills are generally taught to daughters of the tribe by their mother. Conversely, young boys are required to learn a skill from their father. Boys are the only children to go to school, and this privilege has to be paid for by their genetic father. Finally, the Ashanti have a number of spiritual beliefs. Plants, animals and trees have souls. The Ashanti also believe in the existence of fairies and witches. There are also a number of gods that are worshipped by the tribe, some of which overlook events such as marriages and funerals, and the Nyame is the Supreme Being worshipped by the Ashanti (Fortes, 1948). The Amahuaca are a tribe that live in the Amazon, geographically located within Peru. The Amahuaca live in family housing, and families which are related in a patrilineal manner will make up one hamlet. Succession to the leadership of the hamlet is also patrilineal in nature, with this individual always being male and having the power to order tasks to be completed for the benefit of the village. There is generally no hostility within the clan, and non-conformity is generally accepted (Dole, 1979). The Amahuaca often view those who speak a different language (and are therefore part of what is known as nawa). Marriages are usually organised when the child is born, and it is common to marry together cousins

Business modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business modelling - Essay Example It also helps in reducing clustered and excessive data in a given setting to a manageable amount. It helps one to select on the precise variables that can be used in the study of managing a business. Therefore, it will help in making decisions of the business (Yao and Li 2013). The variables in this technique helps in correcting certain mistakes that would otherwise been made in a normal business setting. For example, a business owner who thinks that extending business hours would certainly increase profits may re-think on this when they use the technique. This will go a long way in improving the business. Linear regression is normally used with variables that are represented linearly. This will limit this technique to only data that are linear and cannot work with non-linear problems. The variables that are dependent are normally in a continuous form or they are close to being continuous, that is, they are able to be represented by any value. This linearity between dependent and independent variables will not always be true since some relationships have a curved kind of representation. For example, the relationship between age and income is not linear, but curved. Income increases during early years of a person and slows down as the age of the person proceeds (Fearn 2011). Linear regression analyses the average in the relationship between independent and dependent variables. For example, when representing the relationship between the eating behavior of people and increase in their weight, this technique will represent the average weight of the food eaten with the change in their weight over time. This will not give a complete and clear description of the exact data that there is in a given situation hence there may be a misrepresentation of the data (Huang 2013). Linear regression is normally affected with variables that are on the extreme. These variables are known as outliers. They are

Individual public managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual public managers - Essay Example The public administration through the human resource function must be able to develop a strategic plan that will ensure that it achieves its organizational goals and objectives. A strategic plan must be competitive because the main function other than meeting customer demands and making a profit is the achievement of competitive advantage of an organization. Additionally, a competitive strategy developed by the human resource function for an organization must be able to generate significant returns on investment (ROI), applies cost-effective technologies, and renders services that are of value. Strategic planning allows a public administrative body to withstand the challenges influenced by change. Strategic planning provides a clear purpose and a sense of direction for an organization as change tends to be a constant factor in every business. In most cases, organizations that do not plan and anticipate challenges always attract failure might also fail because a plan put in place was not properly implemented. The challenge mostly lies in the implementation of a strategy rather in the development of the same as argued by many public managers and company CEOs. In this case, strategic human resources management includes the aspects of recruiting, hiring, training, promotion, evaluation, and compensation of employees in line with the ethical requirements. The plan developed below uses diversity management because this application recognizes and values the fact that people are diverse and applies them to achieve organizational outcomes. Diversity management is an effective application when it comes to managing people within an organization because it puts in mind the strengths, attributes of a workforce for the good of an organization. In this step, the inclusion of all employees is essential in this part of developing the plan because they can be helpful in providing insights into the challenges and obstacles they

Design of a three phase separator in oil and gas Thesis

Design of a three phase separator in oil and gas - Thesis Example Three-phase separators efficiently separate the effluents from gas oil and water to allow for individual treatment of the mixed fluids (Lyons, William, and Gary 165-173). The three-phase separator is for processing manufactured fluids from an oil sump. Its division is into an emulsion, oil separator, and water compartments. The separator includes a water dyke and control system that mechanically regulates the position of the water weir to retain the oil emulsion interface in the emulsion section significantly constant. The separator operating parameters and standards vary in accordance with the target fluid and the type of separation. According to the CDS separation technologies, the standard of a three-phase separator is in relation to the extent of its applications (Lyons, William, and Gary 185-197). The three common standards include the horizontal three-phase separator with a weir it is the lowest standard. The second standard, the separator with oil bucket and water dyke it is more advanced and requires no active interface control and a high standard separator is the one with the boot for moderate waters. The design of hydrodynamic of liquid-liquid separation in the three-phase separator is basing on the rules laid by the American Petroleum Institute design principles. Peng-Robinson equations of stage and successive substitution deem useful during the modeling phase of the separators (Arnold, Ken, and Stewart 129-134). The design appreciates the Monnery and Svrcek model in determining critical parameters of the vertical and horizontal separators like the diameters and lengths at different pressures. The design pressure decreases at every stage of the process. Modeling for optimizing the pressure of the three separators reduces the amount of gasses produced with oil in the multistage separators. Optimizing this model applies a written computer simulator with the use of

Hepatitis B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hepatitis B - Essay Example Besides, the infant vaccination after birth would serve as a safety net against infection for infants whose mothers are not tested. Although the majority of infants receive the vaccination during one of their routine visits to health care, the strategy does not exist for adolescents and adults. Since a majority of Philadelphia residents contract the disease through irresponsible sexual behavior, it would be imperative to take care of the groups that engage in sex. Adolescents are known to engage in unprotected sex for lack of knowledge while infidelity among adults is an irresponsible sexual behavior that can to the disease. It is important to note that about 62 percent of HBV cases diagnosed in 2013 resulted from engaging in unprotected sex (Delaney 2013). In the US, for example, vaccination among adults reduced the infection rate by more than 90 percent (â€Å"MMWR† 2013). The same positive statics would be observed in the Philadelphia local

Access and Availability of dental care to Paediatric special needs Research Proposal

Access and Availability of dental care to Paediatric special needs patients in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example The general oral hygiene of these chidlren were also found to be very low (Al-Banyan, Echeverri, Narendran and Keene, 2000, p.43). This study had recommended an oral health program to be implemented through the educational institutions (Al-Banyan, Echeverri, Narendran and Keene, 2000, p.43). Further studies to identify the specific factors leading to the problem was also suggested by this study (Al-Banyan, Echeverri, Narendran and Keene, 2000, p.43). Al-Malik and Rehbini (2006) have also pointed to the high level of caries in children in Saudi Arabia as compared to children in other countries and called for immediate intervention through school intervention programs. Especially when it comes to special needs patients like children with autism, the negative behavior of such children towards treatment or any similar problems in case of other special needs groups, will limit their access to and availability of dental care and treatment (Murshid, 2005). It is this existing research highl ights along with the case studies displaying the high prevalence of oral problems among special needs children that was witnessed while working with them that prompted this researcher to explore further in this area of study. Though the research works mentioned above have exhibited that there is a high level of oral health problems in children with special needs in Saudi Arabia, none of them have thrown light upon to what extent this problems gets addressed. It is not revealed whether these children have access to and availability of appropriate and efficient dental care in the present context in Saudi Arabia. Only by assessing the lacuna that is there, further steps can be taken to address the oral health needs of these special needs children. Hence this researcher is of the belief that this study on the access and availability of dental care to special needs children in Saudi Arabia can add valuable

Artificial Intellengence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Artificial Intellengence - Research Paper Example Over period of time advancements kept coming in this area and today we have robots that can talk, act and move just like human beings, all to artificial intelligence. In modern times the term was introduced by John McCarthy in the year 1956. Artificial intelligence can be distinguished into various branches that include Perceptive system, vision system, robotics and expert system and neural networks in prime. The A.I equipped machines find large number of uses in modern day, and a prime example can be quoted from the fire fighter machines that are built for purpose of going into the fire blazed buildings and rescuing many lives. In manufacturing industry, A.I finds its use through the assembly line production where automatic transmission and processing takes place, and the system is pre fed and all activities take place in a programmed manner. Neural networks a branch of artificial intelligence finds large number of applications in modern times in form of voice recognition softwares implementation, and face detection .Various programming languages are used for A.I interpretation, one of them being LISP. Finally the main features of A.I can be summed up as plant layout in an industry, help desk, emergency situation movements, shipping and warehouse

Human resources are how a business recruits Essay Example for Free

Human resources are how a business recruits Essay Human resources are how a business recruits, retains and manages key features and functions of their employees. If businesses are to obtain their objectives, they must plan their human resources function so they have the right number of employees with the right kinds of qualifications and training to meet the needs of the business. Human resources use different approaches to all the different aspects of human resource planning and management. Human resource planning Businesses have to plan carefully to ensure that they have the right number of suitable employees for their needs. To do this they need a good understanding of the labour market in the areas where they operate. Human resource planning also involves looking at how labour is organised within the business. A range of factors when making decisions about staffing from the labour market includes; * Labour turnover * Sickness and accident rates * Age, Skills and Training * Succession In an ideal world businesses should plan ahead when it comes to human resources. A well-organised business will have forecasts and projections of its future staffing needs. These will then be matched to forecasts and projections about the local labour market, which means that the business can develop appropriate strategies for the recruitment, training and development of its staff. Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection is a well-worn topic, which is treated fully in all major texts. There is always a tension between getting the right person for a job and how much resource in terms of time and money is devoted to recruitment. Businesses recruit staff for a variety of reasons. These can include: * The growth or reconstruction of the business * Changing job roles within a business * Filling vacancies created by resignation, retirement and dismissal * Internal promotion The recruitment process can be costly, in terms of resources devoted to the process and costs associated with recruiting poor performing staff. Therefore, it is important to select accurately people for interview. Businesses need to be very clear about the requirements of the job and about the kind of person they are looking for. This is done in several ways; * Preparing person specifications and job descriptions * Carefully planning how, when and where to advertise * Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of job applications, curriculum vitae and letters of application * Short-listing candidates Training and development Training and development are currently big issues for many businesses in most parts of the country, especially where there are low rates of unemployment. Moreover, more and more businesses are realising that if they fail to invest in training and development they will become uncompetitive. Training and development includes the following; * Induction training * Mentoring * Coaching * Apprenticeships * In-House training * External Training * Recognition of prior learning (RPL) and/or accreditation of prior learning (APL) and accreditation of prior experience and learning (APEL). Performance management Performance management refers to different strategies designed to get the best of a business work force. Different techniques are employed which attempt to relate performance with pay, or promotion or training. Such schemes are not always popular with workers. The following are methods that businesses use to manage the performance of their employees; * Performance reviews including appraisals * Self-evaluation * Peer evaluation * Target setting of individuals and groups. The labour Market Sainsburys constantly monitor the labour market to see any trends in each sector. They use local and national surveys to gather this information. Information gathered is them allocated to the departments that it would suit the best and what people are looking for. For example Sainsburys may be looking for trained bakers and fishmongers, as it is a rare profession. They may also look to see if anyone may reach this profession with a small amount of training, they may investigate if the opportunity cost of training them is viable. If Sainsburys needed a fishmonger and there was one available then they would have to pay them a decent amount of money to be able to acquire their services. This is because they are quite rare to find and may easily be coaxed into another job with money. They may also try to keep these professionals for a long time in one store so that the job in done with consistency. As sainsburys require a high standard they may send them to an off site training course to build up their knowledge of a certain area. Changing features in the market trends makes it hard for firms such as Sainsburys to find the staff they want for specific hi-skilled jobs. This may because there is an increase in professional and managerial work and a decrease in unskilled and semi-skilled work. Also people such as Bakers may have learnt new skills to enter different sections of the labour market. For example a Baker may have had enough of his job, taken an evening class in management, gained qualifications other than baking and joined a more managerial part of the team. Sainsburys need to look hard at the staff they acquire from agencies and applications and think hard about if it would be worth training them up for a specific job. They have to pick them up at exactly the right time. This means that they have to get them before they go elsewhere but have to be wary of them getting trained at great expense to sainsburys and then leaving for a job with better job satisfaction or better money. They have t get the balance just right unless it could prove costly. If Sainsburys employ new staff they may have to restructure the departments, this may prove popular with some staff but unpopular with others. Sainsburys have to think about management structures becoming flatter as a result of greater development of responsibilities and how hierarchies are being replaced by team working. Demographics show that the UK workforce is aging. This can be taken as a good aspect but also as a bad one. Some advantages of having an ageing workforce are that: * They know their job inside out and know how to deal with certain situations. * They have plenty of experience and may be able to offer light on problems which younger staff may have never encountered before. * It may be more reassuring to the customer to see an well experienced person doing the job rather then a young face straight out of school. Some disadvantages of having an ageing workforce are that: * As people get older they may be more susceptible to illness and take more time off. * With new computer equipment they may have to be sent on an expensive training course to learn new ways of working. * They may not be as motivated as younger staff as they are happy with their jobs and realise that they may not be doing it much longer. They may also not want to go for promotions, as they do not want to be bothered with the stress of the modern workplace. There is a steady decline in Primary and manufacturing sectors and an increase in service sector employment. This may work in sainsburys favour as they have positions for all sorts of people in all different sectors. There are a lot of people wanting to do the jobs where you do not need as much experience such as till manning and shelf stacking but they also have room for people with experience such as the butchers and bakers. As there is such a lot of people wanting to take on the less experience needed jobs the employees in these positions have to try and make a good impression and try hard as they know that there is always someone around the corner waiting for their job. This may boost Sainsburys productivity and customer relations. There are increasing numbers of women being qualified in previously mans work. More and more women are being trained as butchers and fishmongers. Women are now holding more high skilled positions now also, for example it would not be uncommon to ask to see the manager and a women to walk out and speak to you. This may seem strange to older generations who may still believe that it should be a mans job. The education and training system is undergoing a change. There has been a major expansion in further and higher education and the development of more flexible vocational training structures. This allows more part-time and mature students to gain higher qualifications. This may also allow them to train whilst working, improving there skills for an in-house vacancy. Part-time students make up a large proportion of Sainsburys workforce. This is because they can work flexible hours and are willing to learn. They may also not mind doing low skilled jobs as they need the money and know that they may not be doing that job forever as they are studying at a high level, having these people on their books may be an advantage to Sainsburys as if they are good they may placed in the running for higher positions. When they finish their higher education weather it be A-Levels or Degree they may give them a chance to move up the ladder. This may seem promising to the employee who already has friends there and knows the set up. They may also like it as it saves them the hassle of finding a completely new job. The sectors that are forecast to expand are those, which have grown since the early 1980s. The exception is construction, where employment is forecast to fall 4.2%. The largest absolute increase in employment is in public services. The majority of new jobs are to be in education and health, which is an area, which has seen significant growth since the early 1980s. Financial and Business services are expected to show the fastest percentage growth. Business services are expected to be the strongest performer in this sector with employment growth at 2.5% per year whilst a fall is forecast in financial services. Manufacturing is set to see further productivity gains, which may lead to falls in unemployment. Norwichs Economy * One third of all the jobs in Norfolk are within the Norwich city council area. This totals up to 94,000 people. * Half the jobs in Norfolk are within the greater Norwich area. Employment in Norwich has grown over the last 6 years, but more slowly than the UK as a whole. * Over 90% of Norwich companies employ less than 50 people but over half of the Norwich workforce are employed in the 66 largest companies and organisations such as Norwich Union and Mash. * More than 50,000 people travel into Norwich each day to work, from the surrounding area. * The average earnings of full-time employees in Norwich (Excluding overtime) are just over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 per hour, which is below the national average of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.18 per hour. * Between 1995 and 2000 employment grew fastest in financial services, public sector and construction. * In the next few years most jobs are likely to be created within Norwich in business services, hotels and catering, retailing, banking and insurance and construction. There will be a long-term demand for construction skills creating sustainable jobs. * Tourism is growing fast and currently provides 5,600 jobs in Norwich Trends in employment 1997-2007(predictions) 1997 2007 Increasing involvement of Women Female share of total employment 46.5% 48.2% Female share of employees in employment 49.7% 51.7% More Working part-time Part-time share of employees in employment 29.1% 31.2% More self-employed Self employed share of total employment 13.0% 15.2% Supply and Demand graph for Wage Rates S WR1 WR = Wage Rate Sk = Skills WR D2 D Sk Sk1 As you can see as the demand for high skilled people goes up so does the wages they will be getting paid. Supply of Labour S2 S WR = Wage WR2 Rate L = Labour WR D L2 L If the supply of labour decreases then the wage rate will increase. Minimum Wage rate S WR2 WR1 D Q2 Q1 If a minimum wage is introduced which is higher than the wage rate the demand for labour falls Training and Development The aim of training a person is to permanently change their ability. Improving their knowledge, experience and skills does this. To start you off at Sainsburys you are given an induction. This tells you the basics of your job and allows you to do it. Induction programmes are designed to familiarise new recruits with the layout, security systems and about health and safety within the company. To inspire new recruits they may be introduced to key personnel. Sainsburys hold policy interviews, one review happens at 3 weeks, one at 7 weeks and then again at 11 weeks. Sainsburys holds in-house training and coaching in each branch. They also have a How well and I doing? handbook which they give to each employee. This can map out paths and set targets, different for each section on the company. The targets set are: * Measurable * Specific * Time-related * Agreed * Realistic These are set at 6-month periods. The workbooks, which are used for technical training, coach trainees on a specific part of their job. They help them understand what they have got to do and how they have got to do it. For example training for a checkout operator may be given on a dummy checkout and they on a real one serving customers but with supervision. Each store trains its own staff at their job; training centres are used for external training, which may be specific to a persons job such as health and safety or food hygiene. These parts of training may also involve passing an exam and gaining a qualification. The in store training organiser may not be qualified to teach this. External training may also occur when the trainee is learning a specialist subject. For example a fishmonger may be sent to a special training-centre especially for fishmongers. I believe that Sainsburys send their head fishmongers to a centre in London. Sainsburys also has a training room where training videos are shown to trainees. These may be in general subjects such as customer relations. This is very handy as videos can be shown to a trainee as many times as it takes and at very little cost. Also the audience can be selected and many trained at a time. Sainsburys also has a computer on which there are training programs, these give training and also provide a test, which they have to pass.

Effect of Technology on De-Skilling

Effect of Technology on De-Skilling Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to de-skilling? As technology becomes ever more prominent in working practices the de-skilling debate is becoming more crucial. The following arguments will look at the effects of new technology with regard to de-skilling from the social deterministic point of view, particularly within the craft and service industries. The social deterministic view is that technology has no impact whatsoever on an organisation, apart from the strategic choices made by those who control the organisation. Marxists believe that the introduction of new technology has negative social connotations, arguing that technology is introduced by management with the sole intention of controlling and de-skilling labour. This perspective has been adopted by Braverman. Managerialists however, favour the positive social impacts of technology, believing it is management choices that determine the effects that technology has. Bravermans (1974) de-skilling thesis, based on Marxist theories, focused on the Taylorist aspects of breaking down complex skilled work into simple unskilled tasks. This enabled the introduction of technology to replace workers. Braverman also theorised that the introduction of new technology into the workplace, was carried out with the intention of replacing workers or making them work faster, as in the case of Fords production line assembly. Braverman argued that together, these were the two principal factors which led to the degradation and de-skilling of work. Braverman (1974:171) states, The unity of thought and action, conception and execution, hand and mind, which capitalism threatened from its beginnings, is now attacked by a systematic dissolution employing all the resources of science and the various engineering disciplines based upon it Braverman argues that the introduction of capitalist equipment is introduced with the intention of de-skilling workers by simplifying task s in a Tayloristic manner, or by simply replacing workers roles with technology. Much of Bravermans theory was based upon his own personal experience as a sheet metal worker, and subsequently an office worker. Bravermans de-skilling theory is associated mainly with the craft and service style proletariat industries. However, skills today can be perceived as something very different to skills in the 19th century. Certainly the jobs today differ greatly from those in the past. Barron and Robinson (2007) use the more recent example of the catering industry. New technology has enabled the outsourcing of production, provisions and labour. In essence this has lead to the de-skilling of catering workers, through the removal of many of their tasks. For example, chefs in many of the hospitality industry sectors are no longer allowed to demonstrate individuality and creative flair, but instead produce a standardised product. . Standardisation, or industrialisation, in foodservice, aims to guarantee consistent output while controlling the production process. Typically, this involves the replacement of skill with technology. (Barron and Robinson, 2007). Here the Tayloristic aspects of Bravermans de-skilling thesis are evident as the production process is broken down into simple controlled tasks, whereby new technology can replace workers. This process may be even more evident in multi-national corporations, where the same standard of product and service is expected worldwide. The Tayloristic principles adopted by many fast food restaurants, particularly noticeable in McDonalds, have led to repetitive and un-skilled tasks (Ritzer:2004). Ritzer argues that many of these have been made possible by developments in technology. Bravermans theory is demonstrated perfectly here. A Tayloristic management style coupled with the introduction of new technology has led to the simplification of jobs and ultimately their de-skilling. Ritzer also examined how the principles implemented in McDonalds were becoming more apparent in other sectors of society, such as call centres, supermarkets and even hospitals. The development of technology alongside Tayloristic management principles has meant it is possible for companies to outsource call centres, from Western European and American countries to India and other developing third world countries. Marxist theorists view the introduction of capital as a way for managers and companies to control and de-skill labour by reducing bargaining power and use value (Corbett:2009). The outsourcing of call centres is removing jobs from employees in Western Europe and America. Employees and knowledge are replaced by technology, so diminishing the bargaining power of the labour force. Outsourcing also employs lower skilled labour which translates to reduced wages and increased profits. Hence, the capital introduced has been employed to control and de-skill workers. Marxists have a radical perspective of how workers should accept the means and ends of a firm, arguing that workers should resist against the firm. They argue that the introduction of capital is exploiting workers as a higher value product is created, but wages are generally not increased (Roberts:2009). Profit made by workers is disproportionately divided between employees, managers and owners and as such a conflict of interest arises (Roberts:2009). Bravermans hypothesis and Marxists views on social determinism are not without detractors or limitations. The social -deterministic managerialist perspective of new technology holds the view that technology has no impact whatsoever on de-skilling. The decisions to de-grade or up-grade the skill of workers are the strategic choices of those who control the organisation. This perspective is supported by the New Technology Power Loop, which demonstrates that the design and choice of new technology, that is the strategic choices of management, can shape the control of a workforce. This in turn defines the level of expertise needed for implementation. The social-deterministic managerialist perspective holds the view that the expertise of the workforce has an influence over the design and choice of the technology at the beginning of the loop. Looking back to the example Barron and Robinson use of the hospitality industry it can be said that it is managements decision to standardise product s and menus through the simplification and de-skilling of jobs and the subsequent introduction of new technology. Wood (1987) considers the decisions of management regarding the introduction of technology, Certain tasks may be de-skilled in content because of technological changes, yet this may not amount to the de-skilling of any particular individual. Unskilled men may be allocated to these jobs, which for the purpose of argument may require a higher level of skill than they previously exercised, and skilled men who occupied the job prior to the change might be moved to superior skilled jobs, for example, the maintenance of new technology. Here Wood argues that, with the right job reorganisation technology can lead to the upgrading of skill. Atwell (1987) examines the work of data entry clerks in an insurance company. These are relatively unskilled workers who are able to enter the insurance claims onto the system and then pass them onto the examiner to process. In this example the examiners job is upgraded as the lower skilled tasks have been removed. The data entry clerks have also gained ne w skills as the introduction of technology has enabled them to begin entering insurance claims, a more highly skilled task than they were previously completing. The de-skilling effect, which the introduction of new technology can bring, can be revoked by managements strategic choices. The introduction of new technology, and the de-skilling effect it may or may not have, cannot be fully divorced from the context in which it occurs. The social-deterministic model also supports the theory that the successful introduction of new technology can be reliant on the tacit knowledge and skills of employees, as the choice of technology made by managers is affected by the expertise of employees. Wilkinson (1982) uses the example of the optical lens manufacturer. When new technology was introduced, the highly skilled staff were retained in order to exploit their knowledge and experience of the production processes. This indicates that not all skills can be degraded with the replacement of workers with technology. Jones and Wood (1984) also argue the importance of existing working knowledge and tacit skills to the effective implementation of new technology. As a result, it is impossible to say that new technology completely de-grades workers skill as the tacit knowledge that many have would still be regarded as a skill. Furthermore, the social-deterministic technology power loop model suggests that the tacit knowledge is ne cessary for successful introduction of new technology. Although some aspects of a workers job may have been de-skilled the worker has the ability to enrich their job with other tasks, perhaps more complex than their prior job, thus wholly up-skilling their job. Managerialists support the social -determinism theory and talk of technology as enabling organisational change and improvements (Corbett, 2009) Fincham and Rhodes (2005 need to check whether this is a direct quote and add page number) stress that technological development should be seen as a positive force, as part of the progressive elimination of alienating working conditions and their replacement with work which is more socially integrating is happening more or less as part of industrial evolution. In the instance of outsourcing, although the introduction of new technology is initially de-skilling, it is removing the lower skilled jobs from the economy and making way for more highly skilled jobs to be created as part of the economic development. Therefore, although in the short term technology has increased job mobility by providing temporary job cuts, it can have positive effects, such as en-skilling, as workers learn new trades. New technology may well have had an effect on the increasing number of career changes, but if this is leading to workers gaining new skills in new careers then surely it is re-skilling (the growth of wholly new skills) in the long term. Littler (1982, 1990) and Littler and Salaman (1982) critiqued Bravemans work arguing that if industrial capitalism itself can create new skills there can be no simple de-skilling process Fincham and Rhodes (2005:396). The managerialist perspective holds the view that, technology has no impact on people or performance in an organisation independent of those who would use it and the responses of those who have to operate it (Jones, 1982:199). This suggests that the introduction of technology has no impact on a firm, unless a resistance against technology is made by those who have to use it or operate it. Managerialists have a unitarist perspective on workers co-operation with management decisions. They believe that management should be able to make strategic choices that benefit the firm and that will have the desired economic outcome. Workers, from this perspective are required to co-operate with the means and ends of the firm as management will have the workers best interests at heart. The means of a firm relates to how work is organised, and the ends, the creation of private profit (Roberts:2009). In relation to the introduction of new technology, the managerialist view is that workers should co- operate with the strategic choices made by firms. It can however, be said that it is un-realistic to presume that managers always have employees best interests at heart. From this point of view a Marxist approach can be adopted, holding a negative opinion of the social impact of technology. They believe that management introduce capital with the sole intention of control and de-gradation of working practices and skill. Thus to conclude, the managerialist social-deterministic view that technology can have a positive social impact on working practices, disproves the contention that the introduction of technologies inevitably leads to de-skilling. Managements strategic choices, regarding job re-organisation, job numbers, and the type of technology employed, will always have an effect on the level of de-skilling which occurs. Subsequently, the level of de-skilling cannot be divorced from the context in which it occurs. Many factors can revoke the level of de-skilling, be it the tacit knowledge of existing employees or managements re-organisation of job roles once technology has been introduced. Furthermore, managerialists hold a unitarist perspective of how workers should re-act to change. The underlying belief that managers have workers best interests at heart would encourage employees co-operation with the means and ends of a firm. In addition, managerialists view the introduction of technology as a method of enabling change and economic development within an organisation, and should be viewed as a positive force.

Architecture as a Strategy for Crime Control

Architecture as a Strategy for Crime Control Urban Densification: Is it really the solution for sustainable cities? Architecture: The Tool for Crime Control Figure 1. The design of buildings and the arrangement of streets, public spaces and green areas might reduce crime rates The Parque Explora, Medellin, Colombia (American Society of Landscape Architects 2014). The worldwide concern about population growth and rapid urbanisation in many cities around the world has brought with it many social problems affecting sustainability and quality of life. Among the most serious social problems are crime and segregation. There is no doubt that crime and segregation are influenced by a multiplicity of factors such as economic, social, and governmental as well as physical elements (Marzbali et al. 2011). This disorderly expansion and informal settlements are generating empty spaces in the cities, creating a rupture in the urban fabric. Physical elements such as Rivers, railways, freeways even buildings are contributing to this rupture creating Social-Urban Barriers in cities. Katyal (2002) states that Governments need to pay special attention to the built environment towards the reduction of crime and social segregation. The design of buildings and the arrangement of streets, public spaces and green areas can affect the opportunity of crime (Soomeren 2008). The prevention of crime through environmental design or through urban planning and architectural design accompanied by communitys participation has proven to be a useful, effective, and feasible strategy to prevent crime and the sense of insecurity in cities (Marzbali et al. 2011). Countries throughout the world, such as Basil, Colombia, Australia, Japan, and Great Britain have used architectural design techniques to prevent crime. For example, the 2000 Sydney Olympics games, cleverly employed architecture to reduce crime by linking the new facilities with the existing neighbourhood (footpaths and streets), increasing street lighting in footpaths, modifying landscapes and creating visibility around sta diums (Katyal 2002). Therefore, this helped to increase profits, reduce incidents, and improvement on accessibility and enjoyment of the events. Figure 2. Sydney Olympic Park Railway Station Architects cleverly modified landscapes and created visibility around facilities   (Skyscraperscity.com 2006). A large number of experiments have shown that the number of certain types of crime can be reduced by modifying the opportunity to commit a crime in the built environment without having to move the place where the crime takes place (Marzbali et al. 2011). One of the most well-known and used methodologies for crime prevention around the world is the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). The CPTED approach starts from the premise that, in certain spaces, crimes are the result of the opportunities offered by the same physical environment (The State of Queensland 2007). This provides the basis for proposing that in order to reduce the likelihood of crimes, it is necessary to alter the physical environment. The strategies employed in this approach are (1) passive or natural surveillance; (2) natural access control; (3) territorial reinforcement and (4) maintenance (Katyal 2002). In addition, Katyal (2002) explains that the design should create opportunities for natural sur veillance by residents, neighbours and visitors and instil a sense of territoriality so that residents to develop proprietary attitudes and outsiders feel deterred from entering a private space. So, the goal is to build communities and avoid social segregation. A good example of the prevention of crime through environmental design or through urban planning and architecture has been taken place in Medellà ­n, Colombia, the former The worlds most violent city, which, by providing quality public transport to marginalized areas (Metrocable), improvement of public space, creation of library parks (active all day), accompanied by other policies to promote vitality in the community   (such as the creation of businesses), gave rise to the recovery of a marginal neighbourhood and the reduction of crime (Medina 2014). Figure 3. As part of an extensive urban integration project in a huge informal settlement in Medellà ­n, Colombia, the recently-constructed system of escalators with public squares and balconies addresses serious problems regarding connectivity, security and coexist (Jordana 2013). Undoubtedly interventions of the built environment allow preventing crime by fostering life on the streets and building communities, as well as improving social sustainability in cities. Architects, Urban Planners and others design professionals should take into consideration the surrounding environment in order to reduce crime rates. This intervention also requires among others, a properly functioning police force and criminal justice systems along with a model of economic development that creates viable opportunities to escape poverty and reduce social inequality. References Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Skyscraperscity.com. 2006. Sydney Olimpic Park. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=460665, accessed 27-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. American Society of Landscape Architects. 2014. Medellins Social Innovation. https://dirt.asla.org/2014/04/10/medellins-amazing-transformation/, accessed 27-03-2017. Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Netherlands Architecture Institute. 2013. Parque Explora. http://en.nai.nl/platform/innovation_agenda/item/_pid/kolom2-1/_rp_kolom2-1_elementId/1_1042577, accessed 27-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1.